Abstract: Building a large ship in an overall sea area is a trend in shipbuilding. As such, it is necessary to take into account the influence of extreme waves in the calculation of a ship's longitudinal ultimate strength reliability. The general method of load calculation does not take into account the effects of special wave loads under extreme sea conditions. In addition, for reliability analysis, extreme loads have more complicated random variables. The general method of ship reliability calculation requires these variables to obey a certain distribution, which may mean that the original method cannot be used. From the perspective of navigational limit, the maximum value of the wave bending moment is greater than that of the conventional wave bending moment which does not take the impact of extreme wave sea conditions into account. The experimental data shows that the wave moment calculation method considering extreme wave sea conditions can to some extent reflect the wave loads of ships more realistically. Secondly, by considering the characteristics of different reliability calculation methods and using case calculations, this paper gives a selection of calculation methods of the longitudinal ultimate strength reliability of ships under extreme sea conditions.